Firozi, Sayed Mohammad. 2025. “A Reflection on the Failure of the First Renovation Process in Afghanistan (A Sociological Analysis of Shah Amanullah Khan’s Failed Modernization Efforts in Afghanistan).” SustainE 1 (2): 105–17.
Abstract
Afghanistan has twice embarked on significant modernization efforts, both of which ended in failure and continue to shape the country’s ongoing crises. The first failure occurred during the Amani period, when clergy and religious groups rebelled against reforms, while the second failure emerged with … more info
